贸易融资、欺诈与风险——Alexander Ressos博士著作《新加坡：国际金融中心》（Singapore as an International Financial Centre）的一部分。
第H部分论述贸易融资、震动该行业的欺诈案件，以及有关洗钱、制裁和执法的法律制度。
本部分属于Alexander Ressos博士的著作新加坡：国际金融中心，全书在本站逐节完整发布。
新加坡的贸易融资
A cargo of fuel oil loaded at a terminal on Jurong Island, a parcel of Indonesian thermal coal sold to a power plant in southern China, a shipment of palm oil bound for India: each of these… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk交易型贸易融资
The core idea of transactional trade finance is simple. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk借款基础与结构化大宗商品融资
The large and medium-sized trading houses rarely finance their business transaction by transaction. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk本地银行与外资银行的角色
The three Singapore banking groups, DBS, OCBC and UOB, have deep roots in trade finance. OCBC descends from the Chinese banks of the early twentieth century, whose history Chapter B.III traces. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk贸易单据的数字化
International trade still runs largely on paper. A single shipment may require dozens of documents, many of them originals that must be couriered between continents. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk2020年后贷款人的撤退
The year 2020 was the worst in the modern history of Singapore’s trade finance market. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk新加坡贸易融资：实务影响
A trader seeking finance in Singapore today must expect scrutiny of its governance and controls that goes far beyond the review of a decade ago. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk新加坡贸易融资：与日内瓦的比较
Geneva and Singapore are the two leading centres of commodity trade finance outside London, with overlapping banks, instruments and case law. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk新加坡贸易融资：摘要
Trade finance in Singapore rests on self-liquidating credit secured on identified goods, delivered through documentary credits, collections, trust receipts, guarantees and receivables finance, and… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk2020年的倒闭事件：兴隆贸易、Agritrade与ZenRock
In the first half of 2020 three Singapore commodity traders collapsed within a few months of one another. Agritrade International, a palm oil and coal house, failed in February. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk兴隆贸易（Hin Leong Trading）
Hin Leong Trading was founded in 1963 by Lim Oon Kuin, a migrant from Fujian who began his business by delivering diesel to fishing boats and grew it into one of the largest independent oil traders… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and RiskAgritrade International
Agritrade International began in 1979 as a family-run palm oil trading firm and later expanded into coal. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and RiskZenRock Commodities Trading
ZenRock was founded in Singapore in 2014 by a group of experienced oil traders, among them Xie Chun and Tony Lin. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk破产、刑事诉讼与银行损失
In all three cases the courts used judicial management, the Singapore procedure in which an independent insolvency practitioner takes over the management of a company to preserve its business or… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk对内控与尽职调查的启示
The authorities responded through the banking industry and avoided new legislation. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk2020年的倒闭潮：兴隆贸易、Agritrade与ZenRock：与日内瓦的比较
The fraud cases of 2020 occurred in Singapore and Dubai, but their costs fell on banks in several financial centres, among them Geneva. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk2020年的倒闭潮：兴隆贸易、Agritrade与ZenRock：摘要
In the first half of 2020 Agritrade International, Hin Leong Trading and ZenRock Commodities Trading collapsed amid allegations that they had obtained bank finance with falsified accounts, forged or… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk反洗钱：CDSA、MAS通告与FATF评估
A financial centre that accepts money from the whole world must be able to explain where that money came from. Singapore has built its answer in layers over more than three decades. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk《贪污、贩毒及其他严重罪行（没收利益）法》
The CDSA bears the year 1992 in its short title. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and RiskMAS关于客户尽职调查的通告
The CDSA tells everyone what not to do. The preventive obligations of financial institutions are found in a separate body of rules issued by MAS for each sector. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk可疑交易报告
The duty to report suspicions is a general obligation of the criminal law, laid down in section 45 of the CDSA. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and RiskFATF相互评估
Singapore joined the FATF in 1992, three years after its foundation. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk2023年之后的改革
The arrests of 15 August 2023 and the seizure of assets worth more than three billion dollars, examined in Chapter E.VI, came shortly before the on-site visit of the FATF. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk反洗钱：CDSA、MAS通告与FATF评估：实务影响
For banks and other institutions, the reforms since 2023 mean that supervisors now examine the quality of implementation more closely than the existence of policies. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk反洗钱：CDSA、MAS通告与FATF评估：与日内瓦的比较
Geneva and Singapore apply the same FATF Recommendations, but they started from different points. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk反洗钱：CDSA、MAS通告与FATF评估：摘要
Singapore criminalises money laundering in the CDSA, a statute of 1992 that now covers serious crimes committed at home or abroad, including tax crimes since 2013 and foreign environmental crimes… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk制裁与出口管制：联合国措施、俄罗斯与次级制裁
A trading hub lives on the freedom of goods, ships and payments to move. Sanctions exist to stop some of them. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk新加坡法律中的联合国制裁
Singapore follows the dualist tradition of the common law. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk2022年以来新加坡对俄罗斯的措施
Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk美国和欧洲的制裁及其影响范围
The official position is clear. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk船对船过驳、暗船队与海事风险
Singapore is the largest bunkering port in the world and one of the main centres for the storage and blending of oil, as Chapters G.II and G.III describe. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk战略物资管制
The control of military and dual-use goods is older than the measures against Russia. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk制裁与出口管制：联合国措施、俄罗斯与次级制裁：实务影响
For banks, the Singapore law of sanctions is relatively simple. The commercial pressure of foreign sanctions adds most of the complexity. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk制裁与出口管制：联合国措施、俄罗斯与次级制裁：与日内瓦、香港和迪拜的比较
The contrast with Geneva is clear. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk制裁与出口管制：联合国措施、俄罗斯与次级制裁：摘要
Singapore gives effect to the sanctions of the United Nations Security Council through the United Nations Act 2001, regulations of the Monetary Authority under the Financial Services and Markets Act… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk执法：企业责任、暂缓起诉协议与跨境合作
On 24 April 2026 the General Division of the High Court of Singapore declared that a deferred prosecution agreement between the Public Prosecutor and Seatrium Limited, the former Sembcorp Marine,… Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk企业刑事责任
Singapore’s criminal law does not contain a general provision dedicated to the criminal liability of companies. It reaches companies through definitions. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk暂缓起诉协议
Singapore’s first major resolution with a company for foreign bribery came before the deferred prosecution regime was available. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk刑事司法协助与引渡
The Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 2000 (MACMA) is the principal statute for cooperation with foreign prosecutors. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk资产追回与没收
The CDSA allows the court, on the application of the Public Prosecutor, to make confiscation orders against persons convicted of drug dealing or serious offences. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk多个司法管辖区的并行程序
The Keppel case of 2017 is Singapore’s leading example of a coordinated resolution with several states. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk执法：企业责任、暂缓起诉协议与跨境合作：实务影响
For a company based in Singapore, the main lesson of the Keppel and Seatrium cases is that self-reporting and cooperation determine the outcome. Both companies received a non-trial resolution. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk与日内瓦及其他金融中心的比较
Switzerland introduced corporate criminal liability on 1 October 2003 through what is now Article 102 of the Criminal Code. The Swiss rule is narrower and more specific than the Singapore approach. Read more Singapore · Trade Finance and Risk执法：企业责任、暂缓起诉协议与跨境合作：摘要
Singapore law treats companies as persons capable of committing almost any offence and attributes to them the conduct and knowledge of their directors, employees and agents under the common law… Read more