起源：从淡马锡到自由港——Alexander Ressos博士著作《新加坡：国际金融中心》（Singapore as an International Financial Centre）的一部分。
第A部分追溯新加坡作为交流之地的形成过程，从14世纪的淡马锡港到1819年在英国东印度公司治下建立的自由港，以及围绕它成长起来的商业文化。
本部分属于Alexander Ressos博士的著作新加坡：国际金融中心，全书在本站逐节完整发布。
海峡之地：淡马锡、新加坡拉与马来世界的海上贸易
Every financial centre begins with a place. Read more Singapore · Origins作为贸易走廊的马六甲海峡
The Strait of Malacca owes its importance to the winds. Read more Singapore · Origins14世纪的淡马锡与新加坡拉：考古与史志
The history of the island before 1819 rests on three kinds of written evidence: Chinese travel and geographical literature, Javanese court poetry and the Malay historical tradition. Read more Singapore · Origins马六甲、柔佛与廖内群岛
Malacca, founded around 1400 by the refugee prince from Singapura, became within a few decades the greatest port of Southeast Asia. Read more Singapore · Origins葡萄牙、荷兰与英国在海峡的角逐
The Portuguese who conquered Malacca in 1511 brought a new model of trade to the Strait. Read more Singapore · Origins殖民前港口的启示：区位与信任
The history of the Strait before 1819 shows that geography creates opportunity. The island of Singapore occupied an exceptional position that remained unchanged throughout the period. Read more Singapore · OriginsA Place on the Strait: Temasek, Singapura and the Maritime Trade of the Malay World（海峡之地：淡马锡、新加坡拉与马来世界的海上贸易）：摘要
The island of Singapore controls the southern exit of the Strait of Malacca, the shortest sea route between the Indian Ocean and China, a position that made it a potential market from the earliest… Read more Singapore · Origins莱佛士、东印度公司与1819年自由港
On 6 February 1819, in a ceremony on the plain beside the Singapore River, a servant of the English East India Company signed a treaty with a Malay prince whom he had recognised as sultan a few days… Read more Singapore · Origins英国东印度公司与对华贸易
The English East India Company, chartered in 1600, was by the early nineteenth century a hybrid without parallel: a joint-stock company whose shareholders met in London and a sovereign power that… Read more Singapore · Origins史丹福·莱佛士与威廉·法夸尔
Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was born on 5 July 1781 on board the ship Ann off Port Morant, Jamaica, and entered the service of the East India Company in London as a clerk in 1795, at the age of… Read more Singapore · Origins与苏丹侯赛因及天猛公订立的协议
Raffles’ expedition landed on St John’s Island on 28 January 1819 and arrived at the Singapore River the next day. Read more Singapore · Origins自由港原则：向所有国旗开放
The decision that shaped Singapore more than any other was the decision to make it a free port. Read more Singapore · Origins早期发展与第一代商人群体
The growth of the settlement in its first years was spectacular. In the first year, the value of trade was reported at 400,000 Spanish dollars. Read more Singapore · Origins1819年对金融中心的意义
The founding of 1819 established the institutional foundations on which the financial centre was later built. Read more Singapore · Origins莱佛士、东印度公司与1819年自由港：摘要
The East India Company founded Singapore in 1819 to secure the route of its China trade and to break the Dutch hold on the southern Strait, under a cautious mandate that sought a British station… Read more Singapore · Origins1824年条约与英属新加坡的法律基础
The treaty of 6 February 1819 gave the East India Company a trading post on an island whose legal status was contested. The Dutch disputed the authority of the sultan who had signed it. Read more Singapore · Origins1824年《英荷条约》
The dispute over Singapore was one of several questions that divided Britain and the Netherlands in Asia after the Napoleonic Wars. Both powers had an interest in a settlement. Read more Singapore · Origins1824年《友好同盟条约》
The agreement of 7 June 1823 had already transferred the judicial powers and land rights of the sultan and the Temenggong to the British in exchange for lifelong monthly payments of 1,500 and 800… Read more Singapore · Origins海峡殖民地与《第二司法宪章》
In 1826, the East India Company combined its three possessions in the Strait – Penang, Malacca and Singapore – into a single administrative unit, the Straits Settlements. Read more Singapore · Origins英国法的继受
The Second Charter did more than establish a court. Read more Singapore · Origins土地、地契与财产权保障
A financial centre depends on secure property rights. Land is the most important form of collateral. A mortgage is worth only as much as the title on which it rests. Read more Singapore · Origins对当今执业者的实际影响
The history examined in this chapter is not merely of antiquarian interest. Several of its consequences confront the practitioner who advises on Singapore matters today. Read more Singapore · Origins法律基础与日内瓦的比较
Geneva and Singapore built their financial centres on different legal traditions. Read more Singapore · Origins1824年条约与英属新加坡的法律基础：摘要
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 17 March 1824 ended the Dutch objection to British Singapore, exchanged Bencoolen for Malacca and drew a border through the Singapore Strait that still separates Singapore… Read more Singapore · Origins转口港经济：中式帆船、港脚商人与商业网络
The free port of 1819 created the conditions for trade. The traders themselves came from every direction, bringing their own ships, goods, customs and systems of credit. Read more Singapore · Origins来自华南港口的帆船贸易
The oldest commercial link of Singapore was the link with China. Chinese junks had sailed to the ports of the Nanyang for centuries, as the first chapter of this part has shown. Read more Singapore · Origins武吉斯、阿拉伯、印度和欧洲商人
The Bugis traders of Sulawesi, who had made Riau prosperous in the eighteenth century, followed a different rhythm. Read more Singapore · Origins港脚商人与鸦片经济
No account of the entrepôt economy can omit opium. In the ports of Southeast Asia, Indian opium was a trade good, a medium of exchange and a source of government revenue. Read more Singapore · Origins腹地：甘蜜、胡椒与种植者的信贷
The entrepôt did not live from transit trade alone. From its earliest years the island had a plantation economy, run almost entirely by Chinese planters, most of them Teochew. Read more Singapore · Origins作为中介的代理行
The agency house was the central institution of the European commercial community. Its name described its function: it acted as agent for principals elsewhere. Read more Singapore · Origins转口港的基础设施：河流、货栈与信息
The physical infrastructure of the early port was simple. Read more Singapore · Origins连接欧洲、印度、中国与群岛的信贷链条
The entrepôt economy ran on credit. A typical transaction in cotton goods illustrates the chain. Read more Singapore · Origins转口港经济与日内瓦的比较
Geneva and Singapore both built their early commercial prosperity on networks of merchants who trusted one another because they belonged to the same community. Read more Singapore · Origins转口港经济：中式帆船、港脚商人与商业网络：摘要
The entrepôt economy of nineteenth-century Singapore brought together Chinese junk traders, Bugis prahu fleets, Arab and Indian merchant houses and European and Indian country traders, each… Read more Singapore · Origins宗亲、公司与信用：华人商业的道德经济
The Geneva volume opens its account of the financial centre with Calvin, because the moral economy of the Reformed faith shaped the way Geneva thought about credit, interest, work and wealth. Read more Singapore · Origins儒家伦理与商业：重议一场争论
The debate about religion and capitalism in China began with Max Weber. Read more Singapore · Origins方言群、宗亲会与会馆（huiguan）
The Chinese population of Singapore was divided by dialect, by district of origin and to a considerable extent by occupation. Read more Singapore · Origins公司（kongsi）与秘密会社：殖民政府之外的治理
The word kongsi has several meanings that shed light on the history of Chinese organisation. Read more Singapore · Origins信用：以声誉为抵押
Chinese merchants used the word xinyong to describe the quality that made a person worthy of credit. Read more Singapore · Origins侨批局与侨批网络
Chinese migrants in Singapore sent a large part of their earnings to their families in China. The instrument was the qiaopi, a letter accompanied by a remittance of money. Read more Singapore · Origins海峡华人：沟通两个法律世界的桥梁
Not all Chinese in Singapore were recent migrants. Read more Singapore · Origins从个人信任到机构信任
The transition from personal to institutional trust took place gradually. Read more Singapore · Origins海峡的道德经济及与日内瓦的比较
The first chapter of this part argued that the ports of the Strait succeeded when they offered protection, predictability and moderate costs. Read more Singapore · Origins宗族、公司与信用：华人商业的道德经济：摘要
Singapore’s counterpart to the Calvinist ethic of Geneva was an institutional economy of trust built by Chinese migrants from families, dialect and district associations, temples, sworn brotherhoods… Read more