殖民地与商业（1867–1942年）——Alexander Ressos博士著作《新加坡：国际金融中心》（Singapore as an International Financial Centre）的一部分。
第B部分描述从移交殖民地部到新加坡沦陷期间的殖民地经济：其法律、银行、大宗商品以及它在第一次全球化中的地位。
本部分属于Alexander Ressos博士的著作新加坡：国际金融中心，全书在本站逐节完整发布。
直辖殖民地：1867年后的政府、法院与商法
On 1 April 1867 the Straits Settlements ceased to be a dependency of British India and became a Crown colony, governed from London through the Colonial Office. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy1867年移交殖民地部管辖
By the 1850s the merchants of Singapore had accumulated a long list of complaints against the government in Calcutta. The most serious concerned currency. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy立法议会与各项条例
The Crown colony was governed by a Governor appointed by the Crown, advised by an Executive Council composed entirely of official members. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy法院、枢密院与法律职业
The transfer was followed by a reorganisation of the courts. The Judicial Duties Act of 1867 created the office of Chief Justice. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy公司法、破产与货币
During the first half-century of the settlement, commerce in Singapore was conducted by individuals and partnerships. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy无关税的财政收入：自由港的财政体制
The Crown colony inherited the fiscal model of the free port. It levied no customs duties on general trade and financed itself largely through excise revenue, above all from opium. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy殖民地法典在当今金融犯罪实务中的应用
The Penal Code enacted by the colonial legislature in 1871 is still in force in Singapore today under the title Penal Code 1871, although it has been amended many times. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy法律作为商业资产
For the merchants of Singapore, the legal infrastructure of the Crown colony was an asset. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy直辖殖民地：1867年后的政府、法院与商法：摘要
The merchants of Singapore, frustrated by currency policy, convicts, weak policing and neglect from Calcutta, petitioned in 1857 for Crown rule and obtained it when the Straits Settlements became a… Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy代理行与汇兑银行
The merchants who built the entrepôt described in Part A needed two kinds of institution that the port did not at first possess. Read more Singapore · Colonial EconomyGuthrie、Boustead与欧洲代理行
Chapter IV of Part A described the agency house as the central institution of the European commercial community of early Singapore: a firm that sold goods on commission for principals elsewhere,… Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy渣打银行、汇丰银行与汇兑银行
Singapore had no bank during its first two decades. The first branch was opened in 1840 by the Union Bank of Calcutta. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy贸易融资：汇票与跟单信用证
The basic instrument of trade finance in the nineteenth century was the bill of exchange. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy保险、航运与服务经济
Modern insurance came to Southeast Asia with the merchants. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy欧洲商行及其华人中间人
The exchange banks faced a problem that their charters could not solve. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy当今金融中心中的历史遗产
Several institutions of the colonial trade economy still operate in Singapore. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy代理行与汇兑银行：与日内瓦的比较
Geneva and Singapore both owed their nineteenth-century financial development to the combination of partnerships and joint-stock banks. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy代理行与汇兑银行：摘要
From the 1820s onwards, European agency houses such as Guthrie & Co., Boustead & Co. and Behn, Meyer & Co. organised the trade of Singapore as partnerships that sold goods on commission, bought… Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy华人银行：从最早的海峡华人银行到华侨银行
For most of the nineteenth century the Chinese merchants of Singapore had no bank of their own. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy新加坡最早的华人银行
The European banks arrived in Singapore long before any Chinese bank was founded. A branch of the Union Bank of Calcutta opened in 1840. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy福建帮、潮州帮与广府帮银行
The Chinese of Singapore were divided into speech groups, each with its own associations, temples, trades and leaders. Chapter V of Part A described this dialect map and the institutions built on it. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy大萧条与1932年的合并
The Chinese banks operated within a monetary system that offered them no protection. Under the currency board, local money could exist only if fully backed by sterling reserves. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy海外华人资本与中国纽带
The Chinese banks of Singapore looked north as well as south. Ho Hong opened its Hong Kong branch in 1923 and branches in Batavia and Shanghai by 1927, when it had nine branches in all. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy作为社群机构的华人银行
The directors of the Chinese banks were also the leaders of the community. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy华人银行：从最早的海峡华人银行到华侨银行：实际影响
The history of the Chinese banks may seem distant from the regulated banking of today. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy华人银行：从最早的海峡华人银行到华侨银行：与日内瓦的比较
The crisis of 1931 struck Geneva and Singapore at the same time and through the same channel, the collapse of the international gold standard. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy华人银行：从最早的海峡华人银行到华侨银行：摘要
The Chinese merchants of Singapore founded their first deposit banks in the early twentieth century, starting with the Cantonese Kwong Yik Bank in 1903, whose collapse in 1913 through insider… Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy锡、橡胶与海峡元
Singapore has never mined a ton of tin or tapped a commercial rubber estate of any size on its own soil. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy锡矿繁荣与马来亚腹地
Tin had been worked in the Malay Peninsula for centuries, but the modern industry began with a discovery in the district of Larut, in northern Perak. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy橡胶：从植物学试验到全球大宗商品
Tin had been known in the peninsula for centuries, whereas rubber was a botanical import. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy价格周期、投机与大宗商品危机
An economy built on two commodities lived with their price cycles. The tin industry experienced its first serious slump in the mid-1870s, just as the Residential system was being established. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy海峡元与货币发行局制度
The tin and rubber trades were conducted in silver dollars. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy大宗商品：通往贸易枢纽的第一环
The tin and rubber economies taught Singapore the functions that a commodity hub performs. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy锡、橡胶与海峡元：与日内瓦和香港的比较
Geneva and Singapore reached monetary stability by different routes. Switzerland introduced the Swiss franc by the federal coinage law of 1850 and joined the Latin Monetary Union in 1865. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy锡、橡胶与海峡元：摘要
The discovery of tin in Larut in 1848 drew Chinese miners and Straits capital into the western Malay states, whose disorders led to the Pangkor Treaty of 1874, the Residential system and in 1896 the… Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy苏伊士、蒸汽与电报：第一次全球化中的新加坡
In November 1869 a new waterway opened between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy苏伊士运河与新航线
The Suez Canal was built under French direction and opened in November 1869, after ceremonies that began at Port Said on 15 November. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy加煤站与海军基地
Steamships needed coal, deep water and repair facilities, none of which the Singapore River could provide. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy电报与市场的速度
The first attempt to connect Singapore by submarine cable failed. A line laid between Batavia and Singapore in 1859 worked for only a few days. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy移民、劳工与汇款
Steamships carried people as well as goods. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy两次大战之间与新加坡的防务
The First World War brought prosperity to Singapore through the demand for tin and rubber, while the fighting itself remained far from the colony. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy实务影响：互联互通、咽喉要道与信心
The history of the first globalisation shows that Singapore’s principal asset has always been its connectivity. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy苏伊士、蒸汽与电报：第一次全球化中的新加坡：与日内瓦的比较
Geneva and Singapore were transformed by the same technologies at almost the same time. Geneva was linked by rail to Lyon in March 1858 and to the Swiss network via Lausanne in June of that year. Read more Singapore · Colonial Economy苏伊士、蒸汽与电报：第一次全球化中的新加坡：摘要
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the spread of the compound steam engine made steam the dominant mode of shipping between Europe and Asia, so that steamers overtook sailing ships at… Read more