战争、独立与发展型国家（1942–1971年）——Alexander Ressos博士著作《新加坡：国际金融中心》（Singapore as an International Financial Centre）的一部分。
第C部分涵盖日据时期、非殖民化、与马来西亚短暂的合并以及独立后的最初几年。在此期间，国家为金融中心奠定了基础。
本部分属于Alexander Ressos博士的著作新加坡：国际金融中心，全书在本站逐节完整发布。
昭南岛：占领、货币与信任的摧毁
On the evening of 15 February 1942 the British garrison of Singapore surrendered to the Imperial Japanese Army. Read more Singapore · Independence1942年2月新加坡的沦陷
The Japanese attack on Malaya began on 8 December 1941, when the 25th Army landed on the coast of the peninsula. Read more Singapore · Independence占领时期的经济及其货币
The occupation destroyed the banking system that Chapter B.II describes. Read more Singapore · Independence华人社群遭受的迫害与强制捐献
The occupation fell hardest on the Chinese community of Singapore and Malaya. Read more Singapore · Independence英国统治的恢复与货币问题
Emperor Hirohito announced Japan’s surrender on 15 August 1945. British forces landed in Penang on 3 September and in Singapore on 5 September 1945, where they were greeted by cheering crowds. Read more Singapore · Independence对一个建立在信任之上的金融中心的启示
The occupation demonstrated that money is a promise whose value depends on the credibility of the issuer. Read more Singapore · Independence比较：香港与日内瓦
Hong Kong, occupied by Japan from December 1941 to August 1945, offers the closest comparison. There too the local currency was largely replaced by Japanese military notes. Read more Singapore · Independence昭南岛：占领、货币与信任的摧毁：摘要
Singapore surrendered to Japan on 15 February 1942 and became Syonan-to, a military base whose banks of the Allied powers were closed and whose population was compelled to use unbacked military… Read more Singapore · Independence从自治到分家：1959年、1963年、1965年
Between 1946 and 1965 Singapore changed its constitutional status four times. Read more Singapore · Independence战后殖民地与非殖民化政治
The Straits Settlements, whose constitution as a Crown colony Chapter I of Part B described, did not survive the Second World War. Read more Singapore · Independence1959年的自治
The first election under the new constitution took place on 30 May 1959. It was the first general election held with universal suffrage and compulsory voting. Read more Singapore · Independence1963年与马来西亚合并
The decisive impulse came from Kuala Lumpur when, on 27 May 1961, the Malayan Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, publicly proposed a closer association of Malaya, Singapore and the British Borneo… Read more Singapore · Independence1965年分家与独立
The PAP’s campaign for a “Malaysian Malaysia”, in which citizenship would carry equal rights regardless of race, set it against the communal settlement on which the Alliance government rested. Read more Singapore · Independence分家的经济后果
Separation ended the hope on which the industrial strategy of 1959 had rested. Singapore lost the prospect of a common market of about 12 million people, on which its planners had counted since 1959. Read more Singapore · Independence实务影响：1963–1965年的法律遗产
The legal technique of 1965 still shapes practice. Read more Singapore · Independence与日内瓦和迪拜的比较
Geneva’s history offers the closest parallel and the clearest contrast. Read more Singapore · Independence从自治到分家：1959、1963、1965：摘要
After the Straits Settlements were dissolved on 1 April 1946, Singapore moved through limited elections in 1948, the Rendel Constitution of 1955 and the State of Singapore Act 1958 to full internal… Read more Singapore · Independence经济发展局与生存战略
In October 1960 a team of experts sent by the United Nations began a survey of a small island whose government had been in office for little more than a year. Read more Singapore · Independence联合国考察团与经济发展局的成立
When the People’s Action Party formed the first fully elected government of self-governing Singapore on 5 June 1959, the city faced conditions that its leaders described as desperate. Read more Singapore · Independence以外国直接投资推动工业化
Separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, examined in Chapter II of this part, removed the premise of the early strategy. Read more Singapore · Independence英军撤离
On 18 July 1967 the British government announced that it would withdraw its forces from Singapore and Malaysia by the mid-1970s, because the British economy could no longer bear the cost of… Read more Singapore · Independence劳工、土地与国家的政策工具
The industrial relations that Winsemius feared had deep roots. In 1955 Singapore recorded 275 strikes involving 57,000 workers and a loss of 946,000 man-days. Read more Singapore · Independence国家作为市场的设计者
The institutional legacy of the 1960s is a dense network of statutory boards and government-linked companies. Most of the state and semi-state enterprises were founded between 1968 and 1972. Read more Singapore · Independence对投资者及其顾问的实际影响
For a company considering a significant investment in Singapore, the EDB remains the first point of contact. Its officers present the location, coordinate with other agencies and negotiate incentives. Read more Singapore · Independence经济发展局与生存战略：与日内瓦的比较
Geneva never had an Economic Development Board. Read more Singapore · Independence经济发展局与生存战略：摘要
The Economic Development Board, established on 1 August 1961 on the recommendation of a United Nations mission led by Albert Winsemius, was the instrument through which the government of… Read more Singapore · Independence1968年的亚洲美元市场
In October 1968 the Singapore branch of Bank of America began to accept deposits in United States dollars from non-residents and to lend them on to borrowers outside Singapore. Read more Singapore · Independence欧洲美元市场与亚洲时区
The Asian Dollar Market was the regional counterpart of a market that had developed in Europe during the previous decade. A Eurodollar is a dollar deposit held with a bank outside the United States. Read more Singapore · Independence亚洲货币单位
The practical arrangements were worked out during 1968. Read more Singapore · Independence离岸银行业务的税收优惠
The first and most important incentive concerned the tax on interest. Read more Singapore · Independence1970年代离岸银行业的发展
The growth of the market in its first decade was extraordinary. Read more Singapore · Independence亚洲美元市场：后续战略的范本
The Asian Dollar Market is more than an episode in banking history. It established a method that Singapore has applied repeatedly. Read more Singapore · Independence1968年的亚洲美元市场：实际影响
The Asian Dollar Market belongs to history, but its legacy shapes the work of practitioners today. Read more Singapore · Independence亚洲美元市场：与日内瓦、香港和伦敦的比较
Geneva and Singapore both became financial centres by serving wealth and money that originated elsewhere. Their methods differed. Read more Singapore · Independence1968年的亚洲美元市场：摘要
The Asian Dollar Market began in October 1968, when Bank of America opened the first Asian Currency Unit in Singapore to take dollar deposits from non-residents during the hours when London and New… Read more Singapore · Independence新加坡金融管理局的创立
On 1 January 1971 a new statutory body opened its doors in Singapore. Read more Singapore · Independence1971年以前的货币职能
Singapore entered independence with a monetary system inherited from the colonial period. Read more Singapore · Independence《1970年新加坡金融管理局法》
The legislation came before Parliament in 1970, in a session that also dealt with the reform of banking law. Read more Singapore · Independence货币发行局
The Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore operated under the Currency Act 1967. Read more Singapore · Independence以汇率为中心的货币政策
The Authority was born in turbulent times for the international monetary system. In August 1971, months after it opened, the United States suspended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. Read more Singapore · Independence监管理念：审慎与声誉
The supervisory approach of the young Authority was shaped by its lack of a track record. Read more Singapore · Independence新加坡金融管理局的创立：实际影响
For institutions and their advisers, the founding design of the Authority has lasting consequences. Read more Singapore · Independence新加坡金融管理局的创立：与日内瓦和香港的比较
Switzerland followed a sequence that reverses Singapore's. Read more Singapore · Independence新加坡金融管理局的创立：摘要
Before 1971 the functions of a central bank in Singapore were scattered across a currency board and several departments, an arrangement that Goh Keng Swee called “an untidy system of units” and that… Read more