大宗商品贸易中心——Alexander Ressos博士著作《新加坡：国际金融中心》（Singapore as an International Financial Centre）的一部分。
第G部分考察新加坡作为全球领先的大宗商品贸易中心之一，与日内瓦的贸易行业相对应。
本部分属于Alexander Ressos博士的著作新加坡：国际金融中心，全书在本站逐节完整发布。
从转口港到贸易枢纽：全球贸易商计划
Singapore was founded as a place where goods changed hands. Two centuries later it is a place where commodities change owners, often without ever touching its shores. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading转口港的遗产
The commercial identity of Singapore was defined at its foundation. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading全球贸易商计划
The modern incentive framework began in 1989. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading税收优惠与实质性要求
The Global Trader Programme is an administrative label. Its legal basis is section 43I of the Income Tax Act 1947, headed “Concessionary rate of tax for global trading company and qualifying company”. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading新加坡企业发展局与贸易业
The agency that administers the programme has changed its name several times. Trade promotion was long the task of a statutory board that was later known as International Enterprise Singapore. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading衡量大宗商品贸易的分量
The simplest indicator of the trading hub is the number of companies under the programme. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading对贸易公司的实际影响
For a trading company considering Singapore, the programme is one element in a broader decision. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading从转口港到贸易枢纽：全球贸易商计划——新加坡与日内瓦比较
The comparison with Geneva shows two different paths to the same result. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading从转口港到贸易枢纽：全球贸易商计划：摘要
Singapore’s trading hub continues the commercial functions of the nineteenth-century entrepôt in a new form, with trading desks in the city managing cargoes that often sail directly between foreign… Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading石油：炼油、仓储与亚洲价格基准
Singapore has no oil of its own. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading毛广岛与裕廊岛的炼油业
The oil business of Singapore began as a storage and distribution trade. In the early 1890s the London firm M. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading仓储与调和
Storage is the second pillar of the oil hub. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading价格评估与亚洲基准
Oil products in Asia are rarely sold at a fixed price. Most term contracts and many spot deals set the price by reference to published assessments, usually averaged over a pricing period. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading纸货市场与衍生品
The physical market in Singapore is surrounded by a much larger paper market. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading能源转型与炼油业
Refineries and crackers are among the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in Singapore. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading石油：炼油、仓储与亚洲价格基准：实务影响
For lawyers and advisers, the oil hub creates a recognisable set of questions. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading与日内瓦及其他石油中心的比较
The Geneva volume describes how independent oil traders established themselves in Switzerland from the 1960s and 1970s. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading石油：炼油、仓储与亚洲价格基准：摘要
Singapore’s oil business began in the early 1890s with a kerosene depot on Pulau Bukom and turned into refining when Shell opened the first refinery there on 26 July 1961, followed by Mobil, Esso… Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading船用燃料供应：世界最大的加油港
Every ship that passes through the Strait of Malacca must sooner or later take on fuel. For more than a century and a half, a large share of the world’s merchant fleet has done so in Singapore. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading作为加油港的新加坡
Bunkering in Singapore began with coal. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading船用燃料供应商的牌照制度
Bunkering in the port is regulated by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading质量、数量与欺诈
For decades the most common complaint in Singapore bunkering was short delivery. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading替代船用燃料
The first great change in marine fuels came from the regulation of sulphur. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading船用燃料纠纷
The structure of the bunker market produces a characteristic type of dispute. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading船用燃料：全球最大加油港：实务影响
Singapore’s bunkering regime gives buyers substantial protection, but it works only if buyers use it. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading与日内瓦、鹿特丹和富查伊拉的比较
Geneva has no port, but it hosts many of the decision-makers of the bunker trade. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading船用燃料：全球最大加油港：摘要
Singapore owes its position as the world’s largest bunkering port, with record sales of 56.77 million tonnes in 2025, to its location on the Strait of Malacca, to the refineries, storage terminals… Read more Singapore · Commodity TradingLNG、金属与农产品
Oil made Singapore a trading hub, as the preceding chapters have shown. Refineries, storage tanks and bunker barges gave the city a physical market around which traders, banks and brokers settled. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading液化天然气贸易
Singapore has no gas fields of its own. From the 1990s it imported natural gas by pipeline from Malaysia and later from Indonesia, which allowed its power stations to switch from fuel oil to gas. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading金属与矿产
Singapore produces no metal ores and refines almost none. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading棕榈油、谷物与软商品
Singapore grows almost no food, yet it is the headquarters of some of the largest agricultural trading groups in the world. The connection began with palm oil. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading农产品供应链中的可持续性要求
The sustainability of agricultural supply chains became a public issue in Singapore through the haze. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading碳与环境类大宗商品交易
Carbon credits are the newest commodity traded from Singapore. Their market rests on law, since a credit has value only to the extent that a regulator or a buyer’s commitment recognises it. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading液化天然气、金属与农产品：实务影响
The diversification of the hub creates opportunities and obligations for trading companies. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading液化天然气、金属与农产品：与日内瓦的比较
Geneva’s trading centre grew from grains and softs to oil and then to metals, in a sequence driven by firms that chose the city for its banks, its neutrality and its international organisations. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading液化天然气、金属与农产品：摘要
Singapore has diversified its trading hub beyond oil into liquefied natural gas, metals, agricultural commodities and carbon credits, in each case with the help of targeted state measures. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading贸易公司：全球巨头与亚洲龙头
A commodity hub is made of firms. Tax incentives, storage tanks, banks and courts create the conditions for trade. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading全球贸易公司的亚洲办事处
The global trading houses came to Singapore for the same reason that the agency houses of the nineteenth century had come, which Chapter IV of Part A and Chapter II of Part B described: the city… Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading亚洲农业龙头企业
The agricultural champions of Singapore have roots in the Chinese trading networks of Malaya, which Chapter V of Part A and Chapter IV of Part B described. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading国有及国家贸易公司
The third group of firms in the Singapore hub belongs to states. National oil companies from China, the Gulf, India and Southeast Asia have established trading subsidiaries in Singapore. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading公司治理与所有权结构
The large independent houses are owned by their managers and employees. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading新加坡与日内瓦作为贸易枢纽的比较
Geneva and Singapore are two of the principal homes of commodity trading, together with London, Houston and Dubai. Read more Singapore · Commodity Trading贸易公司：全球巨头与亚洲龙头：摘要
Singapore’s commodity hub consists of some 400 firms, more than 60 per cent of them of Asian origin, ranging from the Asian offices of the global houses to Asian agricultural groups, state-linked… Read more